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Many critics, and unfortunately teachers, subscribe to the belief that the criteria by which a work of art deserves to be held in aesthetic and social esteem no longer exist. Thus, one can hardly blame people for arguing that art is anything they chooses to call it if the very people who are supposed to supply the standards by which to judge what is and is not art assert that any kind of objective criteria no longer exist.
On the other hand, artists are always exploring and innovating. But exactly for this reason, critics should discuss what makes art art. It is too easy to indulge in the easy pleasures of relativism just as it is too easy to answer with smug, superior expressions when people ask what is meant by art.
The solution to rescuing the arts consists in discrimination, once the penultimate critical faculty, in pointing out the common core of sensory expression in all its manifestations-what William James calls the "sifting of human creations." What critics need to do is revive and explore the principles of which all productive functioning of the arts is based. As Arnheim states: "If art is indispensable as a psychological, and possibly a biological, requirement of existence, it must be assumed to grow from the very depths of our being. And if so, these roots must be traceable. Therefore, critics must be heralds of the principles they are retrieving."
But, do not be put off by the political nature of this review. Arnheim is not a polemicist. The majority of the book is devoted to what he states critics need do: discuss art as art, not art as politics. And he does that very well.
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And yet... how odd it is that the vast majority of "Film as Art" focuses on filmic techniques, the very idiosyncratic building blocks upon which the 19th century artist-photographer once mused. In a desperate attempt to justify the medium as capable of high art, Arnheim descends into a technical-scientific argument that, in effect, nullifies his efforts to establish its end product. That is to say: If film art is truly the production of the heart and mind in concert, such devices would merely be means to an end, the bridges crossed on a journey deep into the soul. Still, Arnheim time and again returns to the theme of the mechanical: "Three dimensional images projected onto a two dimensional plane," distortions in time-space via cutting, lenses, filters, emulsions, etc. Vainly, he struggles with the idea of art in opposition to the mechanical reproduction of reality by enumerating the mechanical tools employed in dodging it.
I find Arnheim thoroughly unconvincing, not only for the aforementioned reasons, but, more importantly, on a purely intuitive level. To Arnheim, the spectator is reduced to recepticle, the end-user of artistic production. Both the Kantian and Comtian in him should have provided the viewer with a more active role. He should have realized where the perception of light sensation resides; he should have understood that it is the mind that receives such perceptions that fashions them into complete images, actions, episodes and so on. Instead, he focuses intensely on cinematic tricks and devices which, by present standards, are part of the cinematographer's toolbelt. He is captivated by the means to the end rather than the end in itself. For example, he explains montage in terms of its formal aspects, failing even once to discuss what "montage" actually is (in the manner of Kuleshov, Eisenstein, Pudovkin, etc.) Curiously, the cinematic end becomes more of an afterthought than anything.
I also find Arnheim's assertion of the universality symbolism (much like Eisenstein's artistic notion of ideograms as fundamentally monadic) rather silly, at best. Black is bad; white is good. For some reason, Arnheim never stopped to think of other paradigms or the very possibility of their existence. At worst, the book is downright dangerous. The blond-haired, fair skinned matinee idol is inherently striking whereas the brunette begins with a decided disadvantage. And this from a man of Jewish heritage amid a rising tide of Nazism! Can we forgive this the product of a "pre-semiotics" Eurocentric modernism? Or would such forgiveness, in itself, give substance to the insidious zeitgeits, serving as yet another relativist apology for the brilliant-yet-flawed?
As a Jew, I sense "Film as Art" as the product of self-hatred. I sense that Arnheim was part of an intellectual community and yet APART. The pain derived, in that sense, from reading the book is interesting. Ultimately, however, it is another universalist blind alley: An attempt to speak in immutable terms about an ever-shifting medium of motion pictures. It argues for the preservation of the already-gone (e.g., black and white, silent film, etc.) It is illiberal, ill-conceived, unsatisfactory and unsatisfying. It can only read as yet another volley in the ongoing (and futile) battle between the formative and realistic schools.
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The book run out of print after being published for the first time in 1936, in London. The Radio that Arnheim makes reference to no longer exists. The main reason for the nonexistence of such radio relays on the fact, that the radio resources are no longer just purelly mechanics but also electronic. However the mecanisms on wich the Arnheim's radio was based it is also the basis of its actual existence, and did contribute for its study and sound aesthetics. Besides Arnheim's Radio was of great value for the development of the thecnical and economical conditions at that time. His piece of work about radio aesthetics is of great importance has it resulted from a reflection about the sound of the mute cinema and it constituted a classic of the artistical and sound perception both theories. To him in the musical sound works no instrument should be used as a simple sound complement. Art is different from reality because it requires and makes use of all and each single element, as stated on the central chapter of this fundamental book on Praise of Blindness.
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